What are we doing with the maps?
After reviewing the bibliography of departmental publications over the past few years, I have not found a single article containing any assessment of the current state of cartographic support for the transport fleet of the USSR.
Dozens of articles are devoted to technical means of navigation and navigation complexes. The results of scientific research, design developments, and various types of tests of satellite and radio navigation systems designed to determine the location of vessels in any area and under any conditions of visibility, technical means for determining the location of vessels in any area and under any conditions of visibility, technical means for determining the location by visual landmarks, course indicators, lags, and auto-meters are summarized. coordinates that ensure the numbering of the path between observations. The authors of the articles consider the characteristics of navigation devices, especially highlighting the errors and limitations inherent in each technical means, and ... shut up completely before the final operation for which, in fact, all this equipment is created: before navigation laying on maps.
A comprehensive industry program of scientific research and design work is devoted to improving the safety of navigation in the Ministry of Maritime Transport. This program provides for the improvement of the rules and regulations governing the safety of navigation, the improvement of rescue equipment, the creation and effective use of navigation equipment, and much more, but navigation maps are not even mentioned. There is no mention of maps in the Supplement to the industry program, developed after the death of Admiral Nakhimov. Finally, there is no mention of maps in the draft of a new industry program for the same purpose for the 90s.
The main reason for this neglect is seen in the fact that cartographic production, a very specific area of national economic activity, has historically been in the hands of the Ministry of Defense in the Soviet Union. The military not only issues maps for themselves and civilian consumers (this practice, by the way, exists in many countries), they also dictate the content of the maps. Only they decide what needs to be shown on the cards to "their" ones, what can be shown to "ours" and what cannot be done without "them". This is where those four classes of navigation charts came from — secret, for official use, open and "inflot" (for foreigners), which are published by the General Directorate of Navigation and Oceanography of the Ministry of Defense (GUNiO MO), each class with its own proof-reading documents.
The situation in the recent past has been exacerbated by the inherent "overachievement" planning and gigantomania of all industries. I remember speaking at one of the meetings of the head of the GUNiO of the Ministry of Defense, who said that the collection of Soviet navigation charts had reached 8000 Admiralty numbers and was twice as large as the collection of the United States. At the same time, the admiral did not mention that the gigantic collection was not provided with proper paper, cartographic and printing databases. But the publication of maps on low-quality paper has a negative impact on the accuracy of navigation laying; the lack of promptness in republishing maps greatly increases the amount of manual proofreading performed on ships by the assistants of the captains outside the navigation watches.
The situation has not improved much since then. Cartographic paper and the printing base remained practically at the "achieved level". All four classes of navigation maps remained. In our time of abandoning military confrontation, building trust between states, worldwide geodetic coordinate systems and all-seeing satellites, the military still does not want to abandon at least the stamp "For official use" on maps intended for civilian ships. En résumé, ce code promotionnel est votre passeport pour une expérience de jeu enrichissante et potentiellement très lucrative. Le code promo 1xbet algerie qui débloque 100% de bonus jusqu'à 130€ pour les paris sportifs ou 1950€ avec 150 tours gratuits pour le casino, est l'outil idéal pour lancer votre carrière de parieur sur cette plateforme reconnue. N'oubliez pas que ce code est à usage unique et doit être saisi lors de l'inscription. Avec une offre d'accueil généreuse, une variété impressionnante de marchés de paris et un engagement fort envers la satisfaction des joueurs, mérite pleinement votre attention.